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      <title>Linux安全三剑客 权限管理、SELinux与防火墙 - 交互式测验</title>
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    <body>
      <div class="main-wrapper">
          <div class="quiz-container">
            <div class="quiz-header">
              <h1>Linux安全三剑客 权限管理、SELinux与防火墙 - 交互式测验</h1>
              <p>检验你对文档内容的理解程度</p>
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      <script>
        const quizData = [
  {
    "question": "根据文档，在部署Java应用（如`webapp.jar`）时，为了遵循最小权限原则，推荐使用的权限设置命令是什么？",
    "options": [
      "chmod 777 webapp.jar",
      "chown javaapp:devops webapp.jar",
      "chmod 644 webapp.jar",
      "chmod 750 webapp.jar"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 3,
    "explanation": "正确的操作是`chmod 750`。这个权限设置为文件所有者（javaapp）提供了读、写、执行（rwx）权限，为所属组（devops）提供了读和执行（r-x）权限，同时完全禁止了其他任何用户的访问。这符合最小权限原则，既保证了应用的正常运行，又避免了像`chmod 777`那样的安全风险。",
    "source": "文档中「1.2 权限实战：部署Java应用」部分",
    "hint": "文档中明确指出了一个“危险的全开放权限”作为错误示范，并给出了一个“正确操作”的范例。"
  },
  {
    "question": "当标准的用户/组/其他（UGO）权限模型无法满足需求时，例如需要为一个不属于文件所有者或所属组的特定用户（如审计员）授予读取权限，应使用哪种技术？",
    "options": [
      "使用访问控制列表（ACL）通过`setfacl`命令添加特定权限",
      "使用`chmod`命令为“其他”用户类别添加读取权限",
      "将该用户添加到一个新组，并将文件所属组更改为这个新组",
      "使用`sudo`赋予该用户临时的root权限来读取文件"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 0,
    "explanation": "访问控制列表（ACL）专门用于解决这类问题。它允许我们为标准UGO模型之外的特定用户或组精确地授予权限。文档中的案例正是使用`setfacl -m u:auditor:r ...`命令，为`auditor`用户单独授予了读取权限，而无需改动文件的所有者或所属组。",
    "source": "文档中「2.1 ACL应用场景」部分",
    "hint": "文档中提到了一个“允许审计员查看日志文件”的案例，用于解决传统权限模型的不足。"
  },
  {
    "question": "如果一个Java应用因为SELinux策略而无法绑定到一个非标准端口（例如8081），根据文档提供的企业级配置案例，正确的解决方法是什么？",
    "options": [
      "执行`setenforce 0`命令临时禁用SELinux",
      "使用`firewall-cmd --add-port=8081/tcp`命令开放防火墙端口",
      "使用`semanage port -a -t http_port_t -p tcp 8081`命令更新SELinux端口策略",
      "修改应用的SELinux安全上下文类型为`unconfined_t`"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "SELinux通过“类型强制”来控制进程对资源的访问，包括网络端口。当应用需要使用非标准端口时，必须告诉SELinux该端口是合法的。`semanage port`命令正是用于管理SELinux的端口标签策略，通过将8081端口的类型定义为`http_port_t`，SELinux就会允许拥有相应权限的进程（如`tomcat_t`）绑定该端口。这是一种规范且安全的做法。",
    "source": "文档中「3.2 企业级SELinux配置案例」部分",
    "hint": "此问题的解决之道并非关闭安全系统或防火墙，而是要让安全系统“认识”这个新的端口。"
  },
  {
    "question": "在开发自定义SELinux策略时，文档中提到的第一步通常是使用哪个命令来分析审计日志（如`audit.log`）并生成初始策略规则文件（.te文件）？",
    "options": [
      "checkmodule",
      "audit2allow",
      "semodule_package",
      "restorecon"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "`audit2allow`是一个非常重要的工具，它可以读取SELinux的拒绝访问日志（audit.log），并自动生成允许这些操作的策略规则（以.te文件形式）。这是创建自定义SELinux策略模块的起点，大大简化了策略开发过程。",
    "source": "文档中「4.1 自定义策略模块开发」部分",
    "hint": "在定制策略的流程中，第一步总是从分析被拒绝的日志记录开始。"
  },
  {
    "question": "在`firewalld`的核心概念中，哪个区域（Zone）的策略是“丢弃所有入站流量”，通常用于需要最高级别网络隔离的场景？",
    "options": [
      "public",
      "internal",
      "dmz",
      "drop"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 3,
    "explanation": "根据文档中的表格，`drop`区域的适用场景是“丢弃所有入站流量”。任何进入该区域的网络包都会被直接丢弃，不会有任何回应。这是一种非常严格的安全策略，适用于完全不想被外界访问的接口。",
    "source": "文档中「5.1 firewalld核心概念」部分",
    "hint": "请查阅文档中的防火墙区域类型与适用场景的对应表格。"
  },
  {
    "question": "在“综合实战”章节中，为了满足“日志目录需要审计员访问”这一特定需求，实施步骤中使用了哪个命令？",
    "options": [
      "chown auditor:devops /opt/javaapp/logs",
      "chmod 775 /opt/javaapp/logs",
      "setfacl -m u:auditor:rx /opt/javaapp/logs",
      "semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t \"/opt/javaapp/logs(/.*)?\""
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "综合实战案例明确展示了如何应对复杂权限需求。为了让特定的`auditor`用户能够访问日志目录，而该用户又不属于`javaapp`或`devops`，最佳实践是使用ACL。`setfacl -m u:auditor:rx /opt/javaapp/logs`命令精确地为`auditor`用户添加了对该目录的读（r）和进入（x）权限，完美解决了问题。",
    "source": "文档中「6.2 实施步骤 - 步骤1：文件权限设置」部分",
    "hint": "该需求涉及为特定用户授予权限，这超出了基本UGO模型的范畴，需要更精细的控制工具。"
  },
  {
    "question": "在紧急排错情况下，如果怀疑是SELinux导致的问题，文档中提到可以使用哪个命令将其临时切换到“Permissive”（宽容）模式？",
    "options": [
      "setenforce 0",
      "systemctl stop selinux",
      "semanage permissive on",
      "修改 /etc/selinux/config 文件"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 0,
    "explanation": "`setenforce`命令用于在线切换SELinux的运行模式。`setenforce 0`会将其设置为Permissive（宽容）模式，此时SELinux仍然会记录所有违反策略的行为，但不会强制阻止它们。这对于诊断问题非常有用，因为它可以在不完全关闭安全性的情况下判断问题是否与SELinux有关。`setenforce 1`则会切换回Enforcing（强制）模式。",
    "source": "文档中「4.2 应急处理技巧」部分",
    "hint": "文档中提到了一个用于“应急处理”的命令，并强调“生产环境慎用”。"
  }
];
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                '<tr><td>错误</td><td>' + wrongCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>未答</td><td>' + skippedCount + '</td></tr>' +
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                '<div class="report-actions">' +
                '<button id="review-btn">回顾测验</button>' +
                '<button class="primary" onclick="location.reload()">再试一次</button>' +
                '</div>' +
                '</div>';

            let reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }
            quizContentEl.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', finalScoreHtml);
            document.getElementById('review-btn').addEventListener('click', reviewQuiz);
        }

        function reviewQuiz() {
            const reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }

            document.querySelector('.quiz-body').style.display = 'block';
            document.getElementById('quiz-footer').style.display = 'flex';
            
            currentQuestionIndex = 0;
            loadQuestion();
            updateNavigationButtons(); // Ensure nav buttons are correctly displayed
        }

        // Event Delegation for options
        optionsListEl.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
            if (event.target && event.target.matches('li.option-item')) {
                // Check if the question has already been answered
                if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] === null) {
                    const selectedIndex = parseInt(event.target.dataset.index, 10);
                    selectOption(selectedIndex);
                }
            }
        });

        prevBtn.addEventListener('click', goToPreviousQuestion);
        nextBtn.addEventListener('click', goToNextQuestion);
        hintBtn.addEventListener('click', showHint);
        
        // 初始加载
        loadQuestion();
      </script>
    </body>
    </html>
  